If an adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system, the adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the LogonUser function. Processes can be created with the token and resulting security context of another user using features such as CreateProcessWithTokenW and runas.Īdversaries may make and impersonate tokens to escalate privileges and bypass access controls.
The token can then be used with ImpersonateLoggedOnUser to allow the calling thread to impersonate a logged on user's security context, or with SetThreadToken to assign the impersonated token to a thread.Īdversaries may create a new process with a different token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. An adversary can create a new access token that duplicates an existing token using DuplicateToken(Ex). When this occurs, the process also takes on the security context associated with the new token.Īdversaries may duplicate then impersonate another user's token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. A user can manipulate access tokens to make a running process appear as though it is the child of a different process or belongs to someone other than the user that started the process.
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Windows uses access tokens to determine the ownership of a running process. This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified.Īdversaries may modify access tokens to operate under a different user or system security context to perform actions and bypass access controls.
The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating. Adversaries may do this to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges.Īdversaries may leverage the AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action.Īdversaries may perform sudo caching and/or use the sudoers file to elevate privileges. Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges (tracked as integrity levels ranging from low to high) to perform a task under administrator-level permissions, possibly by prompting the user for confirmation. However, there are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them may not have the specific required privileges.Īdversaries may bypass UAC mechanisms to elevate process privileges on system. Normally an application is run in the current user’s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. On Linux or macOS, when the setuid or setgid bits are set for an application binary, the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively.
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An adversary can perform several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system.Īn adversary may abuse configurations where an application has the setuid or setgid bits set in order to get code running in a different (and possibly more privileged) user’s context. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that can be considered of higher risk. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can perform on a machine. Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control elevate privileges to gain higher-level permissions.
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